Tackling online hate and trolling

Online hate speech is any online communication or expression which encourages or promotes hatred, discrimination or violence, against any person or group, because of their race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, gender or gender identity. It can be referred to as cyberbullying or trolling and if serious enough may break the law and be seen as a hate crime.

• One-third of young people encountered hate speech online
• A recent report from Ofcom showed 33% of parents and children were concerned about being exposed to hate speech
• A European study in 2016 found that a third of young people were worried about being targeted by online hate material

Being exposed to online hate can have a real impact on young people’s wellbeing. It can also normalise discrimination, hateful attitudes and behaviours towards certain groups of people.

Sometimes online hate can lead to hate crimes offline. There have been incidents where young people who have been threatened online because of their sexual orientation, religion or race and have taken their own lives due to the constant nature of the abuse they received.

Hate crime committed whether online or offline is illegal, however, not all offensive content is illegal in the UK. If it incites hatred based on race, religion and sexual orientation then this can be considered as a crime. For content that does not meet the threshold of a hate crime, the police are required to record it as a hate incident. Laws in the UK aim to protect the freedom of speech so it can be a delicate balance to police online.

How do platforms protect users from online hate?
The majority of platforms have community guidelines and specific policies on hate
speech which outline what is and isn’t allowed on the platform. If a user breaks these rules their account can be blocked or removed from the platform. Some platforms also use artificial intelligence as well as moderators to spot harmful content, so it’s picked up early on. However, a lot of the policing of hate speech on social platforms
relies on users reporting it to the platform so action can be taken.

Children and young people are especially vulnerable to online hate as sometimes many are looking for groups or causes that will give them a sense of identity. Victims of online hate may show:

• low self-esteem sleeping disorders
• increased anxiety and feelings of fear and insecurity
• feeling lonely or isolated
• feeling embarrassed, therefore want to deal with the problem by themselves

Sometimes children may “feel left out, like they’ve got no friends”, or impact on their
schooling and may lead to depression.

• Trolling – social media posts that contain hate speech or images. Posts that are created can be reposted, shared, liked or retweeted therefore continuing the cycle of hate
• Messaging – messages containing hate speech/images can be directly or indirectly sent to the victims through messages via email, WhatsApp, forums, gaming sites., etc
• Online harassment – can include repeated attempts to send unwanted communications or contact in a manner that could be expected to cause distress or fear
• Baiting – this is used in bullying to intentionally make a person angry by saying or doing something that annoys them, for example insulting someone’s sexual preference or race
• Virtual mobbing – when a number of individuals use social media or messaging to make comments to or about another individual, usually because they are opposed to that person’s opinions. The volume of messages may amount to a campaign of harassment

Other forms:

• Threats of violence
• Hoax calls and abusive phone messages

The best way to protect your child from online hate and trolling is to take an active interest in how they socialise on and offline. Having meaningful conversations with them to develop their critical thinking is essential.
Here are some tips you can share with them to help them develop good online behaviours:

• Tip 1 – Make sure they know to treat others as they want to be treated
• Tip 2 – Advise them not to spread hateful or threatening content online but report it
• Tip 3 – Tell them not to say something online that they wouldn’t say face-to-face
• Tip 4 – Ensure they’re aware of the community guides on the platforms they use, such as Instagram, Snapchat and Facebook. Find out more here
• Tip 5 – Ask them if they know about online hate, would they recognise it?
• Tip 6 – Encourage your children to have an open attitude and honest curiosity about other people because some instances of hate speech are based on ignorance or false information
• Tip 7 – Look for terms that might creep into your child’s vocabulary. Sometimes kids (and adults) use harmful terms without realising

• Block the perpetrator immediately
• Report it to the school
• Report online hate material to the website admin – most websites have rules known as ‘acceptable use policies’ and platforms such as Facebook, Instagram and Twitter. See our report issue page
• Report it to the hosting company – If the website itself is hateful or supports violence then let the website’s hosting company know. You can find out which company hosts a website by entering their web address on ‘Who is hosting this?’
• Contact Stop Hate UK
• Contact the police